ZOKHUDZA NDI DESTINY

Harold W. Percival

MUTU V

ZOPHUNZITSA ZAUZIMU

Gawo 5

Tomwe tikupita. Dzuka ndikugwa kwa fuko. Zambiri za mbiriyakale. Amagwiritsa ntchito malamulo. Zipembedzo monga gulu. Chifukwa chiyani munthu amabadwira kuchipembedzo.

gulu tsogolo ndi tsogolo zomwe zimakhudza chimodzimodzi nambala wa anthu. Awo maganizo ndapanga izo tsogolo kwa iwo. Anthu am'banja akhoza kukhala ndi zina tsogolo zofanana. Alinso ndi makolo, miyambo ndi ulemu womwewo, ndiogwirizana mdera lawo ndipo amagawana chikhalidwe kapena chikhalidwe. Nthawi zambiri zawo tsogolo Uku ndikusowa kwa zonsezi kupatula komweko komanso makolo. Nthawi zina, zinthu zofananira za banja zimasankhidwa kukhala cholowa. M'mabanja ena mamembala amapitilizidwa kukhala obadwanso mwatsopano. Amalandira zomwe apereka ku dzina la banja ndikuyimirira kapena alola kuti zichitike. Gulu tsogolo zingakhudze mamembala am'badwo umodzi kapena iwiri yokha, kapena atha kudutsa zaka zambiri. Anthu amakokedwa mu banja ndipo amasungidwa pamenepo ndi kufanana kwa lingaliro; bola ngati kufanana kumapitilira banja limagwirizidwa limodzi. M'mbuyomu kukhala ndi malo okhala, kapena kungokhala m'deralo inali njira yokhazikitsa ndi kupititsa patsogolo banja. M'masiku ano lingaliro lasintha ndipo malo sakhalanso njira yayikulu yopezera banja. Nthawi zina odana maganizo kokerani anthu m'mabanja amodzi ndi gulu lake tsogolo.

Anthu amagawana mgululi tsogolo, ndiko kuti, zikhalidwe zakomweko mdera lawo chifukwa maganizo anali ndi kapena ofanana; izi zimawabweretsa mu hamlet kapena mzinda womwewo, wokhala ndi zochitika wamba ndi zomwe amakonda. Ngakhale magawo omwe amapezeka mderalo amasiyana, pali lingaliro lina lodziwika lomwe limakopa anthu kulowa ndikuwasungitsa anthu amderalo. Pamenepo amakhala ndi chilankhulo chimodzi, malo okhala, oyandikana nawo, azikhalidwe ndi zokondweretsa; Kumeneko amakwatirana ndipo amakumana ndi chochitika wamba munthawi ya chitukuko, mavuto, mliri, moto, kusefukira kapena nkhondo. Zomwe aliyense amalandila mu tsoka limodzi ndi kunja za m'mbuyomu maganizo. Ngati zochitika wamba sizingafanane ndi kuzungulira kwa lingaliro la omwe ali pamalopo, amathawa. Chifukwa chake ndikuti pali kusiyanasiyana kozizwitsa kuchokera ku chochitika chambiri pomwe ambiri amasonkhana ndikupangidwa kuti azivutika, monga momwe zimasungidwira chombo, bwalo la zisudzo, nyumba yowonongeka, kusefukira kwamadzi kapena kuzunza kwa zipembedzo kapena andale.

Anthu amabadwira mu mtundu kapena mtundu chifukwa chawo maganizo, khalidwe opangidwa ndi iwo, jambulani iwo kumeneko. Amapanga zonse mzimu, khalidwe, zikhalidwe ndi zizolowezi za mpikisano, ndikuzikulitsa, kuzilimbitsa kapena kusintha. Anthu amapanga mzimu ndiye mulungu a liwiro, iwo amapanga iwo mwakuganiza kwawo. Imapumira kudzera mwa oimira mpikisano; chifukwa chake amabwera osayang'ana ku kapena tsankho motsutsana ndi omwe sakhala a fuko kapena amene amatsutsa dziko mzimu. Onse omwe akuganiza mofananamo amakopeka ndi mzimu ndipo pambuyo pake amabadwira mu mpikisano, pomwe amagawana gulu lake tsogolo mpaka pamlingo wawo maganizo itha kukhala kunja kwa nthawi, malo ndi malo.

Nthawi zambiri anthu amtundu uliwonse amakhala amtundu womwewo mwakutukuka kwawo ochita ndi matupi. Ena, komabe, amabadwira mu mpikisano kuti aphunzitsidwe mwapadera; ena chifukwa chazunza mpikisano; ena chifukwa chololedwa kulandira mapindu ake kuchokera pamenepo; ndipo ena chifukwa amayenera kuchita zina ntchito chifukwa chake: onse agawana gulu tsogolo.

pa nthawi Tsoka lachilendo, monga nthawi za njala, kugonjetsedwa kunkhondo, kuponderezedwa ndi mtundu wankhanza, kuwukira ndi kusayeruzika, akunja aliko kugawana gululi tsogolo. Amenewa akunja amabadwira mu mpikisano mwachilengedwe monga omwe ali ake, kuti akhalepo nthawi masoka awa akamachitika. Apatula kwa iwo kudutsa mu vuto la pagulu zomwe atenga mwa iwo okha maganizo. Zomwezi ndi zomwezi ochita omwe amabwera kuti adzatenge nawo gawo la kukwaniritsa, kutsitsimutsa ndi kupatsa ulemu.

Kukwera kapena kugwa kwa dziko chifukwa cha ena kuganiza lomwe limakhala fuko kuganiza. Momwemonso kuganiza zomwe zimakhazikitsidwa kunja mu mphamvu ndi kupambana kwakukulu kwa fuko nthawi zambiri zimayambitsa kutsika kwake, kugwa ndikuwonongeka. Gulu la anthu limatulutsa kuganiza ndipo amakula. Ena amakopeka ndi kufanana kwawo maganizo ndi kuthandiza kumanga dziko kudzera kunja za malingaliro ake olamulira. Ena maganizo ali ndi mphamvu zokwanira kusunga dziko kwazaka zambiri lisanaperekedwe kotsika ochita kapena imachoka kapena itatha. Kuwonongeka kwathunthu kwa anthu onga a Carthagini, Aigupto kapena Agiriki akale ndi umboni kuti m'nthawi zovuta kwambiri kunalibe anthu okwanira kupatsa lingaliro lamtunduwu chidwi chatsopano chomwe chingatenge dziko lonse podzikundikira kunja Zakale maganizo.

Pali nthawi, ndipo kutalika kwake sikupitirira zaka makumi asanu, komwe mtundu uliwonse ukadatha monga gulu lazandale mzolemetsa zake tsogolo. The maganizo Mwa mafuko aliwonse, ngakhale atakhala otsogola kapena mafumu, onse ndi ophatikizika maganizo a anthu ake. Ngati izi maganizo , ndipo adakhalapo m'mbuyomu, atawongolera mwayi waumwini kapena kugonjetsedwa pagulu, chinyengo kapena kuponderezana, amakhala kunja kwa mavuto aboma. Izi maganizo atha kuthetsa mabungwe andale ngati boma. Koma pafupifupi nthawi zonse pamakhala wina yemwe ali ndi masomphenya ochulukirapo ndipo amapanga lingaliro latsopano kapena latsopano kumverera kapena kusintha kwa zomwe zilipo. Mwa izi amathandizidwa ndi ena mwa ma Triune Selves athunthu omwe amayang'ana ndi kuthandiza dziko lapansi. Chifukwa chake fuko limadutsa nthawi yovuta. Zachidziwikire kuti palibe munthu m'modzi yekhayo amene angapulumutse dziko; payenera kukhala zokwanira nambala Mwa anthu omwe amathandizira lingaliro lakukonzanso, ndipo ngati angathe kupeza lingaliro lamtsogolo dziko likapitirira, apo ayi zimatsika.

Amuna amakhala odzigulitsa okha ndipo amachita zinthu modzikonda. Kuti mukhale ndi kuchuluka katundu, kukhala ndi chitonthozo chaumwini ndi chitetezo komanso kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu, ndizo zolinga zawo maganizo. Chiwembu komanso kupanduka kwa nkhondo ntchito Pankhondo, zipolopolo, kuphatikiza misonkho ndi mwayi wapadera mumtendere, ndizowopsa. Ndipo pafupifupi aliyense amakhala ndi chidwi ndi zochitika za pagulu kungotengera zabwino zomwe akuyembekezera. Amuna amafunafuna zabwino apa ndi mphatso zazikulu pamenepo, akudziwa kuti adzapindula nazo chifukwa choloza anthu kapena chilungamo. Pafupifupi aliyense amawonjezeranso zachinyengo za mabungwe wamba. Anthu ena amagwira ntchito molimbika chifukwa cha kudzikonda, ambiri ndiopanda pake komanso opanda kukonda zomasuka. Pali amuna ambiri omwe angakhale atsogoleri abwino, koma sanapezeke. Anthu samuyamika ndipo sangaikire kumbuyo wolamulira, koma amusiya ndikumusiya ali wokhumudwitsidwa. Chifukwa chake samalandira amuna abwino kwambiri, ndipo akapeza amuna omwe ali ndi malingaliro abwino, nthawi zambiri amawakakamiza kudziteteza pakudandaula kapena ziphuphu.

Chifukwa chake ogwira ntchito zaboma mu monarchies, oligarchies ndi democracies, ndi oyipa monga alili. Iwo ndi oimira anthu; mwa iwo maganizo a anthu atenga mawonekedwe. Iwo omwe siali maudindo angachite monga akulu akulu akuchitira, kapena koipitsitsa, akadakhala ndi mwayi. Atsogoleri achinyengo atha kukhala maudindo komanso zochotsa machimo bola azikhala maganizo anthu adanyansidwa. Ma baron ankhanza amatha kupondereza anthu bola bola anthu ambiri, zikadakhala kuti akukhala m'malo a oweta, zikanachita monga momwe oweta adachitiramo. Despots akhala ndi moyo kokha chifukwa amakhala ndi zokhumba ndipo zilakolako Mwa anthu omwe amawalamulira. Kufunsira kwa Chikatolika pokana kuponderezana kunakhalapo bola pofotokoza maganizo mwa anthu.

pamene maganizo Mwa anthu amafuna kuti zinthu zisinthe momwe munthu nthawi zambiri amawonekera kuti amenyera nkhondo. Amawafotokozera maganizo; koma nthawi zambiri amamusiya pomwe zochita zake zikufunika kuthandizidwa. Pakafunika kusankha pakati pa zofuna za anthu ndi zofuna zawo, zofuna zawo zaboma zimakhalapo. Nthawi zambiri iwo amene amadandaula za zolakwika, misonkho, kulanda kapena zopanda chilungamo, iwonso amakhala ndi mlandu wotere zolakwika Akadakhala kuti akanangowapulumutsa. Omwe ali ndi mphamvu, kaya ndi a demokalase kapena demokalase, ndi omwe amatha kuzindikira ndikugwiritsa ntchito kufooka kwaumunthu, komanso chimodzimodzi nthawi kukhala ndi mphamvu zambiri komanso kulolera kuchita ngozi zambiri kuposa unyinji.

Zenizeni mfundo za mbiriyakale sizidziwika. Kulemekeza dziko lawo ndi chipembedzo m'mabuku asukulu, kusankha mitu yabwino paphwando, kupondereza kwa mfundo, mawu okokopa apa ndi apo, ndi omwe onse omwe sazindikira kwambiri za mbiri yakale amapeza izi. Zofooka ndi zolakwika za anthu ena, komanso vuto lakelo, kusagwira ntchito komanso ziphuphu za omwe amachita zochitika zawanthu komanso mayiko, nthawi zambiri zimabisidwa kwa onse koma onse chilamulo. Makamaka kuchokera pamtunduwu mfundo bwerani gulu tsogolo a kuponderezana, chisalungamo, nkhondo, zopanduka, misonkho yayikulu, kumenyedwa, zozunza ndi miliri. Iwo omwe amadandaula za mavutowa ndi ena mwa omwe amathandizira.

Zinthu zowoneka ngati zosafunikira zimatha kukhala zifukwa zina cholinga chenicheni. Gawo lokha la zomwe munthu amadya ndi lomwe lingagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi iye; zomwe sangathe kugwiritsa ntchito ndizapansi. Abwerere kudziko lapansi, mwaukhondo, matupi a thupi atatha kugwiritsa ntchito chakudya amene nthaka idampatsa iye. Gulu lomwe limachotsa zinyalala ndi zotsalira nkhani mu mtsinje kapena nyanja, amatero a Zolakwika. Zotere nkhani chimayamwa madzi. Ambiri matenda ndi miliri m'mizinda yayamba chifukwa cha ichi. Ili ndiye gulu tsogolo.

Panthawi yovuta amuna ena amadzuka ndipo amakwanitsa zinthu zachilendo. Amuna otere nthawi zambiri amakhala osadziwa chilamulo. Gululi tsogolo wa anthu awo amafuna chida chomwe anthu maganizo ikhoza kutulutsidwa kunja. Mwamuna akuwonekera pomwe maganizo anthu ake amfuna. Palibe munthu wamtundu wanji amene ayenera kutchulidwa kuti ndi zomwe amachita. Amachita chifukwa amakakamizika kuchitapo kanthu komanso chifukwa chololedwa kuwona njira yoti akwaniritse cholinga. Ena mwa amuna otere anali Palmerston, Bismarck, Cavour, Mazzini ndi Garibaldi.

Chingerezi mzimu m'mbuyomu adapanga Lord Palmerston, adamuyika udindo ndipo adatulutsa nthawi yayitali zotsatira zomwe amapeza ku Britain kudzera mwa iye. Bismarck anali Prussian; anali mwa iye yekha munthu wamphamvu ndi wamphamvu; koma chomwe chidamupangitsa kuti achite bwino chinali nthawi, malo, ndi momwe zidaliri, zomwe zidaloleza kuganiza a Prussian maphunziro, kasamalidwe, zankhondo ndi mphamvu, kuti azikhala kunja monga kuganiza wa Germany monse. Momwemonso Chitaliyana maganizo okonda dziko lako ndi ufulu ochokera ku nkhanza ku Austria ndi ku Papa molakwika, adawonetsedwa mu kupambana kwa Cavour, Mazzini ndi Garibaldi.

Nthawi zina nthumwi za chilamulo ndi amadziwa othandizira. Washington, Hamilton, Lincoln ndi Napoleon anali amtunduwu. Washington idadziwa kuti iyenera kukhala mtsogoleri weniweni wa anthu komanso woyambitsa dziko latsopano. Hamilton amadziwa kwenikweni kuti amayenera kukhazikitsa maziko azachuma aku America kuboma. A Lincoln adadziwa kuti ayenera kuteteza Union, ndipo adachita zonse zomwe akanatha ndi mphamvu zodzikonda zomwe zimamuzungulira. Anakwaniritsa cholinga ndi zomwe adamupangira ndi luntha adalankhulanso ngati Mulungu.

Cholinga cha Napoleon ku Europe chinali kuchotsa mizukwa yakale ya ma dynasties yomwe idapangitsa kuti Europe ikhale pachisokonezo, kukhetsa magazi ndi kugwidwa ntchito kwazaka zambiri. Adayenera kupereka maiko awa mwayi boma lililonse ndi anthu onse. Adalephera chifukwa anthu achi French, ngakhale amati akufuna ufulu, kufanana ndi kuyanjana, anali ofunitsitsa kuti Napoleon apange ufumu watsopano ndikugonjetsera iwo dziko. Adalandira malangizo kuchokera kwa ena mwa othandizira a Fullune Selves; amayenera kupatsa France boma laboma; ndipo Europe inali yoti izitsatira pambuyo pake, ngati anthu atatero. Sanamusiye chilichonse chachifumu, kuti asapeze banja. Kulakalaka kwake kunamugwetsa; anasudzula mkazi wosabereka, nakwatiwa kachiwiri, kuti akhale ndi vuto. Atatsimikiza pa maphunzirowa, mphamvu zake zinayamba kuchepa ndipo samathanso kuzindikira mipata kapena perekanani zoopsa. The tsogolo anthu aku Europe adamupangira iye kufowoka kwake komanso kufunitsitsa kwake, kuti abweretse zomwe zidachitika komweko kwazaka pafupifupi zana.

gulu tsogolo zimawonekera kwambiri nthawi zina pakakhala kusintha kwadzidzidzi kwa njira zaboma, ngati pakukwera akapolo kapena kuwukira, ndipo gulu la gulu lachiwawa litayamba kukhudzidwa.

Zipembedzo, nawonso, a gulu tsogolo. Amakhala m'magulu achipembedzo omwe sanakhalepo nthawi ndi maganizo wa anthu. Pang'onopang'ono malingaliro atsopano amafalikira, ndipo makonzedwe akuyenera kupangidwa kuti azilola zomwe zinali zoyamba maganizo mibadwo ikubwerayi kuti ichotsedwe kunja. Ndiye malingaliro opondaponda a malingaliro kufalikira mpaka kufala kwambiri kotero kuti kwatsopano chipembedzo ikhoza kuthandizidwa ndi iyo. Pamalo okonzekereratu pamapezeka woyambitsa zatsopano chipembedzo. Nthawi zina amakhala osadziwika. Gawo latsopano la chipembedzo Zimayenda bwino pomwe kuyesera kambiri kudalephera chifukwa nthawi inali isanakonzekere kuti iwalole.

Teokalase ndi ulamuliro wa ansembe mu dzina la Mulungu or milungu. Ansembe akulamulira; ngati milungu Nthawi zonse akamalamulira, mwachidziwikire amasiya zonse kwa ansembe awo, omwe amasamalira zochitika wamba kuti athandizire unsembe. Ansembe amasamala za moyo wa anthu makamaka kuti atukuke. Pobwerera cham'mbuyo ochita zina mwaulemu zimapangitsa kuti maphunziro azikhala mwa makhalidwe, monga momwe ukapolo unalolezedwera ochita pezani maphunziro. The makhalidwe Ophunzitsidwanso chimodzimodzi m'mipembedzo yonse, ndipo sizoyipa kwambiri mu teokalase kuposa zina.

Gulu tsogolo Mwa iwo omwe akukhala pansi pa ulamuliro ndiwodziwika. Pamenepo mphamvu zonse zakudziko ndi zampingo zili m'manja mwa ansembe. Malo, maofesi, katundu, zopimira ndi malongosoledwe amitundu yonse zimapezeka ndi ansembe m'njira zosafunikira kwa owongolera "auzimu". Chofunikira chake ndicho kukhutiritsa umunthu wawo kukonda zamphamvu, zapamwamba komanso kusilira. Malingana ngati athe kugwirizanitsa mphamvu yakanthawi ndi maudindo awo aunsembe, amakhala ndi anthu wamba kusadziwa, kutchuka, ukapolo, umphawi ndi mantha, ndi atsogoleri olemekezeka a ng'ombe Momwemonso zinali ku India, Yudeya, Egypt, ndi Aztec, komanso nthawi ya Mdima m'Mayiko omwe Mpingo wa Roma Katolika unali ndi mphamvu yakanthawi. Gululi tsogolo cha anthu wamba ndi kunja wa ubwana wawo maganizo. Izi zimawasunga kuti azimvera ansembe, omwe amawakhulupilira Mulungu. Komabe, nthawi zambiri pamakhala njira yokhayo yobwerera m'mbuyo ochita zitha kuphunzitsidwa makhalidwe ndipo akhoza kupita patsogolo nkomwe.

Anthu a chipembedzo obadwira mmenemo chifukwa ndi ake. Amalembedwa ndi Mulungu za chipembedzo asanabadwe. Amatha kudzipulumutsa okha payekha kuganiza. Kupatula pagulu tsogolo, anthu omwe ali ndi zawo maganizo of dyera, chinyengo ndi kuponderezana zimawatulukira kwa iwo mu zochitika zomwe zawo tsogolo. Ngati achita zunzo ngati mabungwe ogwirizana, mwina atha kukhala m'magulu magulu a mkono wa chilamulo amenya.

Ansembe a mtundu uliwonse chipembedzo sizachilendo mu chikhumbo kudzikhazikitsa mu mphamvu mwa njira iliyonse yomwe angathe. Wansembe waku France, Kalvin, a Presbyterian a ku Scotch, ansembe a Tchalitchi cha Chingerezi, Oyeretsa a Massachusetts, kuphatikizapo akufwamba aku Salem, onse adafunitsitsa kuthamangitsa ampatuko ndipo anali opondereza. Aliyense amene amazunza ena ndi kufunafuna kuti izi zikhale zake zapamwamba, amalungamitsa kuzunza kwake ponena kuti amapindulitsa iwo omwe amamuzunza. Komabe, chinyengo ndi mfundo zomwe zinali zowonekera m'masiku olamulidwa ndi Mulungu, sizitetezo pakulipiridwa, komanso phunziro la kulolerana ndi kumvera ena chisoni anthu iyenera kuphunzira pasukulu ya chilamulo. Ansembe, opha anthu ndi gulu la anthu akukumana nawo tsogolo mwayokha kapena m'magulu. Ponena za demokalase iliyonse, yopembedza milungu yachipembedzo chimodzi kapena chimodzi, palibe aliyense wa iwo, malinga ndi momwe anthu omwe akukhalamo akukhudzidwira, wabwino kapena wopatsa chidwi kwambiri kuposa onyoza mwankhanza kwambiri.

aliyense mulungu amachita nsanje ya mphamvu, ndi ansembe a m'modzi chipembedzo lengezani nkhondo pa olambira a ena milungu. The milungu si omwe adaphedwa; anthu azilipira ndi moyo wawo pankhondo zankhanza za ansembe. The milungu pamitu ya onse zipembedzo ndi chikhalidwe milungu opangidwa ndi anthu; ayi Anzeru. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi Ndipotu kuti ali ndi ansembe omwe akuwayimira; ndi gawo wamoto, mlengalenga, madzi kapena dziko lapansi; ndi malingaliro kapena momwe zimagwirizanirana, monga zowoneka, zomveka, zokonda kapena zonunkhira, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pamiyambo ndi zizindikiro polambira; ndipo, ndi Ndipotu aliyense wa milungu amapembedzedwa pamodzi ndipo amakhulupirira kuti ndi akunja.

Zonsezi zitha kuphunziridwa ndi mmodzi kapena ochepa m'moyo wonse, koma ambiri mwa omwe ali chipembedzo khalani limodzi ndipo zinachitikira m'magulu aliwonse tsogolo kudzipereka kwawo, kuona mtima ndi kuwona mtima, kapena awo tsankho, tsankho ndi chinyengo, kapena kunyada kwawo, kutengeka mtima ndi nkhanza m'chikhulupiriro chawo chachipembedzo zimawabweretsa. Chifukwa chake zipembedzo perekani gulu tsogolo.

Gulu tsogolo mwa iwo omwe amakhala pansi pa oligarchy olamulira amawongoleredwa ndi omwewo chilamulo monga zomwe zimakhudza gululi tsogolo a omwe amakhala pansi pa ena mitundu a oligarchical boma. Ma Oligarchies okhala ndi malo okhala, asitikali, abwanamkubwa, amfumu ndalama, abwana andale ndi atsogoleri ogwira ntchito, onse ali ndi zofanana. Nthawi zina pamakhala zochitika za makolo m'mabungwe awa; Komabe, apa komanso mu otchedwa cholowa Thupi lathupi, cholowa ndi njira yothandizira tsogolo chomwe nthawi zonse chimakhala chodumphira ndi malingaliro a maganizo mwa omwe akukhudzidwa ndi izi mitundu a boma.