DEMOCRACY NDI WOYERA-BOMA

Harold W. Percival

GAWO I

KUDZIWA, KUKHALA NDI ZOSANGALALA ZOSAKWANITSITSA

Ngati malamulo ndi chilungamo zimalamulira dziko lonse, ndipo ngati aliyense wobadwa ku United States of America, kapena aliyense amene akukhala nzika, ali mfulu komanso wofanana pansi pa malamulo, zingatheke bwanji kuti anthu onse aku America, kapena awiri aliwonse akhale ndi ufulu ufulu wofanana ndi mwayi wamoyo ndi ufulu wofunafuna chisangalalo, pomwe tsogolo lililonse limakhudzidwa ndi kubadwa kwake komanso malo ake pamoyo?

Pakufufuza ndikumvetsetsa mawu awa kapena izi, zikuwonekeratu kuti chilichonse chomwe munthu angakhale nacho, United States of America, poyerekeza ndi mayiko ena ambiri, ali ndi zovuta zochepa ndipo amapereka mwayi wawukulu wogwira nawo ntchito kapena wotsutsana naye tsogolo la kufunafuna chisangalalo.

Law

Lamulo ndiye chida chogwira ntchito, chopangidwa ndi malingaliro ndi zochita za wopanga kapena opanga, omwe iwo amatsatira amamangidwa.

Pamene wina akuganiza zomwe akufuna kukhala, kapena kuchita, kapena kukhala, kapena, pamene angapo akuganiza zomwe akufuna kukhala, kapena kuchita, kapena kukhala, sakudziwa kuti zomwe akupanga ndi zomwe akupanga ndizolemba. Lamulo lomwe, posachedwa kapena kutali kwambiri, ayenera kuchita ngati zochita kapena momwe adzakhalire.

Zachidziwikire kuti anthu ambiri sadziwa kuti amamangidwa ndimalamulo awo, apo ayi sakanalingalira zomwe amaganiza nthawi zambiri. Komabe, mwa lamulo la malingaliro awo zinthu zonse zomwe zimachitika mdziko lapansi zimachitika ndi zolembedwa zamaganizidwe awo, ndipo zochitika zonse zosayembekezereka komanso zosayembekezeka zimadzetsedwa ndi maulamuliro a chilungamo mdziko la zosawonekazo.

Justice

Chilungamo ndi machitidwe a chidziwitso mogwirizana ndi mutu womwe ukufunsidwa. Ndiye kuti, ndikupereka ndi kulandira zomwe zili zolondola ndendende molingana ndi zomwe munthu wasankha mwa malingaliro ndi zochita zake. Anthu sawona momwe chilungamo chimachitidwira, chifukwa satha kuwona ndipo samamvetsetsa momwe amaganizira ndi malingaliro awo; samawona kapena samazindikira momwe amagwirizanirana ndi malingaliro awo ndi momwe malingaliro amagwirira ntchito kwakutali; Ndipo amaiwala malingaliro omwe Adawalenga ndi omwe adawachita. Chifukwa chake sawona kuti chilungamo chikuwoneka kuti ndi cholondola, kuti ndi chifukwa chosawerengeka cha malingaliro awo omwe adapanga, - kuchokera pamenepo omwe ayenera kuphunzira luso lazomwe ayenera kuchita ndi zomwe sayenera kuchita.

tsogolo

Chidakwaniritsidwa ndi lingaliro losasinthika kapena lamulo lomwe ladzazidwa: zomwe zanenedwa, - monga thupi ndi banja lomwe munthu amalowamo, malo omwe akukhalamo, kapena china chilichonse chamoyo.

Anthu ali ndi malingaliro osatha ponena zamtsogolo. Amasilira kuti zimabwera modabwitsa, mwangozi; kapena kuti zimayambitsa ndi njira ina iliyonse kupatula za iwo eni. Zomwe Zidzachitika is chodabwitsa; anthu sadziwa momwe malamulo apadera komanso apadera amapangidwira. Sadziwa ndipo nthawi zambiri amakana kuti munthu amapanga malamulo omwe amakhalamo, ndikuti ngati malamulo sakanapambana m'moyo wa munthu, komanso m'chilengedwe chonse, sipangakhale dongosolo mwachilengedwe; kuti sipangakhale kubwereranso kwakanthawi, komanso kuti dziko lapansi silingakhalepo ngati ola limodzi. Moyo wamunthu aliyense ndi momwe akukhalira ndizambiri zomwe zakhala zikuchitika zakale, zomwe mwa malamulo onse, ndizofunikira. Sayenera kuonedwa ngati "abwino" kapena "oyipa"; awa ndi mavuto ake, kuti awathetse. Atha kuchita nawo zomwe akufuna. Koma zilizonse zomwe amaganiza ndikuchita, ndiye kuti zikupangitsa tsogolo lake mosagwiritsika.

Kukhala mfulu

Kukhala waufulu ndikoyenera kusambidwa. Anthu nthawi zina amakhulupirira kuti ali ndi ufulu chifukwa si akapolo, kapena samangidwa. Koma nthawi zambiri zimakhala zomangidwa ndi zikhumbo zawo kuzinthu zamphamvu monga kapolo aliyense kapena mkaidi aliyense womangiriridwa ndi zomangira zake zachitsulo. Chimodzi chimaphatikizidwa ndi zinthu ndi zokhumba zake. Zilakalaka zimaphatikizidwa ndi kuganiza kwa munthu. Poganiza, komanso pongoganiza, zokhumba zimatha kusiya zinthu zomwe zimalumikizidwa, ndikumasulidwa. Kenako munthu akhoza kukhala ndi chinthucho ndikuchigwiritsa ntchito bwino chifukwa salinso wolumikizidwa komanso womangika kwa icho.

Freedom

Ufulu sukupezeka; kusadzifuna nokha ku boma, mkhalidwe, kapena chifukwa chake, momwe munthu akudziwira.

Anthu omwe amaphunzira pang'ono amakhulupirira kuti ndalama kapena katundu kapena udindo wawukulu zimawapatsa ufulu, kapena kuchotsa kufunika kantchito. Koma anthu awa amatetezedwa ku ufulu posakhala ndi izi, komanso mwa kupeza. Izi ndichifukwa choti amawafunira, ndipo zomwe amalakalaka zimawapangitsa kukhala amndende pazoganiza zawo. Wina akhoza kukhala ndi ufulu ndi izi kapena popanda izi, chifukwa ufulu ndi malingaliro ndi chikhalidwe cha amene sangagwirizane ndi lingaliro lililonse lamalingaliro. Yemwe ali ndi ufulu amachita chilichonse kapena ntchito iliyonse chifukwa ndi ntchito yake, komanso popanda kufuna mphoto kapena kuwopa zotsatira zake. Kenako, ndipo pokhapokha, amatha kusangalala ndi zinthu zomwe ali nazo kapena kugwiritsa ntchito.

Liberty

Ufulu ndi kusatetezedwa ku ukapolo, ndipo ufulu wa wina uzichita momwe angafunire malinga ngati sizikusokoneza ufulu wolingana ndi kusankha kwa wina.

Anthu omwe amakhulupirira kuti ufulu umawapatsa ufulu kunena ndi kuchita zomwe akufuna, mosasamala ufulu wa ena, sangadalitsidwe ndi ufulu wina aliyense monga wamisala sangalole pakati pa omwe ali ndi chikhalidwe chabwino, kapena chidakwa. kumasulidwa pakati pa oganiza bwino ndi akhama. Ufulu ndi chikhalidwe chachuma, momwe aliyense adzalemekezana ndikupereka lingaliro lofananalo ku ufulu wa ena monga momwe iye amafunira ake.

Ufulu Wofanana

Kukhala wofanana sizingatanthauze kukhala chimodzimodzi, chifukwa palibe anthu awiri omwe ali ofanana kapena ofanana m'thupi, mikhalidwe, kapena luntha.

Anthu omwe amaumirira kwambiri ufulu wawo wofanana nthawi zambiri amakhala omwe akufuna zoposa ufulu wawo, ndipo kuti akhale ndi zomwe akufuna angalembe ena ufulu wawo. Anthu otere ndi ochulukirapo ana kapena osasinthika ndipo sayenera kukhala ndi ufulu wofanana pakati pa chitukuko mpaka atayang'anira ufulu wa ena.

Kulingana

Kufanana ndi ufulu wofanana mu ufulu ndi: aliyense ali ndi ufulu woganiza, kumva, kuchita, ndi kukhala monga angafunire, popanda kukakamizidwa, kukakamizidwa kapena kudziletsa.

Palibe amene angalande ufulu wa wina popanda kuphwanya ufulu wake. Nzika iliyonse yomwe ichitapo kanthu imakhala ndi ufulu wokhala ndi ufulu wofanana mzindawo. Kufanana kwa anthu ndi zabodza komanso nthano yopanda nzeru kapena chifukwa. Lingaliro la kufanana kwa anthu ndilopusa kapena lopusa monga momwe zingakhalire kungonena za nthawi yokhazikika, kapena kusasiyanapo, kapena chizindikiritso chimodzi. Kubadwa ndi kuswana, zizolowezi, miyambo, maphunziro, malankhulidwe, malingaliro, zochitika, komanso chibadwidwe chake zimapangitsa kufanana pakati pa anthu. Zingakhale zolakwika kuti munthu wophunzitsidwayo azichita zofananira komanso kuti azicheza ndi anthu osazindikira, momwe zingakhalire kuti anthu osokosera ndi osayanjidwa azimva kufanana ndi omwe ali ndi ulemu ndikumalimbikira kuti awalandire. Ophunzira amakhala odziyimira payekha, osati mwa kubadwa kapena kukondera, koma mwakuganiza ndi kuchita. Kalasi iliyonse yomwe imalemekeza yakeyonse, izilemekeza kalasi ina iliyonse. "Zofanana" zosatheka zomwe zimayambitsa kaduka kapena kusakonda, sizingafunidwe ndi gulu lililonse.

Mwayi

Mwayi ndi chinthu kapena chinthu kapena chochitika chomwe chikugwirizana ndi zosowa kapena zojambula zake zokha kapena za munthu wina, ndipo zimadalira molumikizana ndi nthawi ndi malo ndi chikhalidwe.

Mwayi nthawi zonse umapezeka kulikonse, koma sizitanthauza zofanana kwa anthu onse. Munthu amapanga kapena amagwiritsa ntchito mwayi; mwayi sungathe kupanga kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mwamunayo. Iwo omwe amadandaula kuti alibe mwayi wofanana ndi ena, amadzichotsera khungu ndikudziwona kuti sangathe kuwona kapena kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi womwe ukupita. Mwayi wamitundu yosiyanasiyana umakhalapo nthawi zonse. Yemwe amagwiritsa ntchito mwayi woperekedwa ndi nthawi, zochitika ndi zochitika, pokhudzana ndi zosowa ndi zofuna za anthu, samangotaya nthawi pakudandaula. Amazindikira zomwe anthu amafunikira kapena zomwe akufuna; ndiye amazipereka. Amapeza mwayi.

chimwemwe

Chimwemwe ndi malo kapena maloto omwe munthu angayeserere koma omwe sangathe kuwapeza. Izi ndichifukwa choti munthu sadziwa kuti chisangalalo ndi chiyani, komanso chifukwa zokhumba za munthu sizingakhutitsidwe. Loto la chisangalalo silofanana ndi onse. Zomwe zimakondweretsa munthu m'modzi zimapangitsa wina kuvutika; zomwe zingakondweretse wina zimatha kukhala zowawa. Anthu amafuna chisangalalo. Satsimikiza kuti chisangalalo ndi chiyani, koma amachifuna ndipo amachichita. Amawafunafuna kudzera pandalama, chikondi, kutchuka, mphamvu, ukwati, ndi zokopa popanda mathero. Koma akaphunzira kuchokera ku zomwe akumana nazo ndi izi apeza kuti chisangalalo sichimalowa wowapeza. Sizingapezeke mu chilichonse chomwe dziko lingapereke. Sitingagwidwe chifukwa chofunafuna. Sipezeka. Zimadza pomwe wina wakonzekera ndipo zafika pamtima zomwe zili zowona komanso zofunidwa kwa anthu onse.

Chifukwa chake ndikuti monga lamulo ndi chilungamo ziyenera kulamulira dziko lapansi kuti lipitirize kukhalapo, ndipo, monga momwe lingaliro limatsimikizidwira onse pazoganiza ndi zochita zake, ndizogwirizana ndi malamulo ndi chilungamo zomwe munthu aliyense wobadwira kapena yemwe amakhala nzika ya United States of America ikhoza kukhala mfulu; kuti angathe kapena kukhala ndi malamulo ake ufulu wofanana ndi ena; ndipo, kuti munthu kutengera kuthekera kwake ali ndi ufulu wake ndipo ali ndi ufulu wogwiritsa ntchito mwayi pakufuna chisangalalo.

United States of America sangapange munthu aliyense kukhala mfulu, womvera malamulo ndi wolungama, komanso sangadziwe komwe akupita ndikumupatsa chisangalalo. Koma dzikolo ndi zinthu zake zimapatsa nzika iliyonse mwayi wokhala mfulu, womvera malamulo ndi momwe adzakhalire, ndipo malamulo omwe amalemba amamutsimikizira kuti ali ndi ufulu komanso ufulu pofunafuna chisangalalo. Dzikolo silingamupange bamboyo; mwamunayo ayenera kudzipanga zomwe akufuna kukhala. Koma palibe dziko lomwe limapereka mwayi wopitilira nthawi zonse kuposa womwe United States of America imapereka kwa aliyense woyang'anira amene adzasunga malamulowo ndipo adzadzipangitsa kukhala wamkulu monga momwe angakwaniritsire kukhala. Ndipo digirii ya ukulu siyenera kuyesedwa osati ndi kubadwa kapena chuma kapena phwando kapena gulu, koma mwa kudziyang'anira, ndi boma laako, ndi zoyesayesa za munthu pakusankha anthu odziwa bwino kwambiri kukhala olamulira a anthu mokomera anthu onse, monga anthu amodzi. Mwanjira imeneyi munthu akhoza kukhala wamkulu kwambiri, pakukhazikitsa maboma enieni, Democracy yeniyeni ku United States. Ukulu uli paku kudzilamulira. Yemwe amadziwongolera yekha amatha kutumikira anthu bwino. Kulalikira kwakukulu kwa anthu onse, kumakula.

Thupi lirilonse laumunthu ndizomwe zidzachitike, koma mathero amthupi okha, ochita amene amazindikira m'thupi. Woperekayo sakumbukiranso malingaliro ake akale ndi machitidwe ake omwe anali makhazikitsidwe opangira thupi momwe aliri tsopano, ndipo chomwe ndicholowa chake, malamulo ake, ntchito yake, ndi mwayi wake.

Ku United States palibe kubadwa kotsika kwambiri kotero kuti Wochipanga yemwe amabwera m'thupi sangathe kukweza pamalo apamwamba kwambiri padzikoli. Thupi ndi lachivundi; Wochenjera ndi wachisavundi. Kodi Doer yemwe ali mthupi amakhala wolumikizidwa kwambiri ndi thupi kotero kuti amalamuliridwa ndi thupi? Ndiye, ngakhale thupi lili lolimba, Doer ndi kapolo wake. Ngati Wochenjera ndiwosapendekera mokwanira kuti amachita malamulo onse a thupilo kuti azisamalira ndi kuteteza ndikusunga thanzi, koma osasunthidwa ndi thupi kuchokera pazomwe adasankha pamoyo - ndiye kuti osasankhidwa komanso, motero. Wonse wakuchita chisavundi m'thupi lachivundi ali ndi ufulu kusankha ngati angadziphatike yekha ku thupi ndikuwongoleredwa ndi zomwe akufuna, kapena kukhala osayanjanitsidwa ndi thupi ndikumasulidwa; ufulu kudziwa cholinga chake pamoyo, mosasamala kanthu za momwe thupi limabadwira kapena malo okhalamo; komanso omasuka kuchita nawo chisangalalo.

Malamulo ndi chilungamo zimalamulira dziko. Zikadakhala kuti sikukadakhala kuti pakadakhala pali kusangalatsa kwina konse. Masheya a zinthu sakanakhoza kusungunuka kukhala magawo, ma infinitesimals ndi ma atomu ndi mamolekyulu sakanakhoza kuphatikizana ndikupanga dongosolo lotsimikizika; dziko lapansi, dzuŵa, mwezi ndi nyenyezi sizimatha kuyenda munjira zawo ndikupitilizidwa kumalumikizana wina ndi mzake mthupi lawo komanso kuzungulira kwa thupi. Ndizosiyana ndi kulingalira komanso kulingalira, ndipo choyipa kuposa misala, kupusitsa kuti malamulo ndi chilungamo sizingalamulire dziko lapansi. Zikadakhala zotheka kuti lamulo ndi chilungamo zitha kuyimitsidwa kwa mphindi imodzi, zotsatirapo zake zingakhale chisokonezo ndi imfa.

Chilungamo chaponseponse chimalamulira dziko lonse lapansi malinga ndi chidziwitso. Ndi chidziwitso pali chotsimikizika; ndi chidziwitso palibe chifukwa chokaikira.

Chilungamo chakanthawi chilamulira kwa munthu, ndi maumboni amkati mwake monga lamulo, ndikugwirizana ndikuchitika. Ndi expediency nthawi zonse pamakhala kukayikira; palibe malo otsimikiza. Munthu amachepetsa kudziwa kwake ndi malingaliro ake kutsimikizira kwa mphamvu zake; Mphamvu zake sizolondola, ndipo zimasintha; chifukwa chake sizingalephereke kuti malamulo omwe amapanga ayenera kukhala osakwanira, komanso kuti pokhudzana ndi chilungamo amakhala wokayika.

Zomwe munthu amazitcha kuti malamulo ndi chilungamo chokhudza moyo wake ndi machitidwe ake sizabwino ndi malamulo osatha ndi chilungamo. Chifukwa chake samamvetsetsa malamulo omwe amakhala ndi chilungamo chomwe amapatsidwa pa chilichonse pamoyo wake. Nthawi zambiri amakhulupirira kuti moyo ndi lottery; mwayi kapena kukondera kumachitika; kuti palibe chilungamo, pokhapokha zitakhala zolondola. Komabe, pazonsezi, pali lamulo losatha. Pazochitika zilizonse za moyo wamunthu zosakhazikika chilungamo chimaweruza.

Munthu atha, ngati angafune, azindikira malamulo ndi chilungamo cha chilengedwe chonse. Kwa zabwino kapena zodwala, munthu amapanga malamulo amtsogolo mwake mwakuganiza ndi zochita zake, ngakhale monga m'malingaliro ndi machitidwe ake akale omwe adakwaniritsa zomwe adakonza tsiku ndi tsiku. Ndipo, ndimalingaliro ndi zochita zake, ngakhale samadziwa, munthu amathandizira kudziwa malamulo adziko lomwe akukhalamo.

Pali malo ponse pa thupi la munthu amene chochita mwa munthu atha kuphunzira zamalamulo osatha, lamulo la chilungamo - ngati Wokuchita akufuna. Sitimayo ili mumtima mwa munthu. Kuchokera pamenepo mawu a chikumbumtima amayankhula. Chikumbumtima ndi mulingo wa ufulu wa Wochita; ndi chidziwitso chaposachedwa cha Doer pa mutu uliwonse kapena funso lililonse. Zokonda komanso tsankho zambiri, zamphamvu zonse, zimakonda kulowa mumtima. Koma pamene Wochulukitsa amasiyanitsa izi ndi mawu a chikumbumtima ndi mawu omwe akuwatsata mwakuthupi samasiyidwa. Wochenjera ndiye amayamba kuphunzira lamulo la zoyenera. Cikumbumtima cimucenjeza za coipa. Kuphunzira malamulo achilungamo kumatsegulira njira kuti Wowonayo azigwira ntchito pamalingaliro ake. Chifukwa ndiye phungu, woweruza ndi woyang'anira chilungamo pa chilichonse chokhudza Wochita mwa munthu. Chilungamo ndi machitidwe a chidziwitso mogwirizana ndi mutu womwe ukufunsidwa. Ndiko kuti, chilungamo ndicho ubale wa Wokuchita ntchito yake; Uwu ndi lamulo lomwe Wochita wadzipangira; adapanga ubalewu ndi malingaliro ake ndi zochita zawo; ndipo iyenera kukwaniritsa ubale uwu; iyenera kukhala mwakufuna kwawo malinga ndi lamulo lodzipangirali, ngati ikugwirizana ndi malamulo apadziko lonse.