ZOKHUDZA NDI DESTINY

Harold W. Percival

MUTU IX

ZOKHIRITSIRANI

Gawo 7

Wachinayi Chitukuko. Maboma. Ziphunzitso zakale za Kuwala kwa Luntha. Zipembedzo.

Nthawi zonse, m'mibadwo iriyonse yazaka zilizonse, anthu anali m'magulu anayi: ogwira ntchito, ochita malonda, oganiza ndi iwo amene anali ndi chidziwitso china. Kusiyanaku kunali kofunikira panthawi yazotukuka kwambiri komanso kunawonekera mu nthawi za chitukuko chochepa. The mitundu wa chiyanjano pakati pa makalasi anayi awa asintha nthawi zambiri.

Munthawi zaulimi antchito ogwira ntchito amakhala ngati akapolo kapena ogwira ntchito ganyu kapena eni malo ang'onoang'ono akudzichitira okha, kapena amalandira gawo la zokolola kapena malipiro ena ngati ngongole kuchokera kwa eni minda ambiri, kapena amagwira ntchito m'mabanja akuluakulu. Munthawi zamafakitole amagwira ntchito ngati akapolo kapena ngati aganyu, amakhala ndi mitengo ing'onoing'ono yopanga m'nyumba zawo kapena amagwirira ntchito limodzi m'masitolo akulu kapena m'magulu. Zinali choncho pakati pa anthu am'badwo wapadziko lapansi komanso pakati pa a mibadwo ina. chimodzi kalasi anali ogwiritsa ntchito kapena opanga minofu kapena ochita masewera olimbitsa thupi; magulu atatu enawo adadalira iwo, koma olimbitsa nawo adadalira magulu enawo. Gulu lachiwiri linali la amalonda. Anagulitsa zinthu zogulitsa, kapena sing'anga Kusinthana, zitsulo, nyama kapena akapolo. Nthawi zina ankakhazikitsako kwakanthawi, ngati momwe amachitiranso masiku ano, pomwe eni nthaka ndi opanga, andale, azamalamulo komanso nthawi zambiri madokotala amakhala m'gulu lino. Gulu lachitatu linali la oganiza, omwe anali ndi ntchito, yopereka chidziwitso ndi ntchito kwa amalonda ndi ogwira ntchito; anali ansembe, aphunzitsi, ochiritsa, ankhondo, omanga, kapena oyenda panyanja, pamtunda, pamadzi kapena pamlengalenga. Ophunzira anayi anali odziwa mwa amuna, iwo omwe anali ndi chidziwitso chodziwika bwino kuyambira kale, cha mphamvu za chikhalidwe omwe gulu lachitatu lidangogwiritsa ntchito malembedwe oyenera, ndi omwe anali ndi ena kudziwa kwa wochita ndi Kudzikonda Kwambiri ndi awo chiyanjano ku ku kuwala wa luntha. Nthawi zina makalasi onse amakhala mwamwano; kwa ena amakhala motakasuka ndi zojambulajambula ndipo learning ophatikizika kwambiri; nthawi zina panali kusagwirizana kwakukulu pamiyeso ya moyo, komanso umphawi, kusapeza bwino komanso matenda a misa anali osiyana ndi chuma komanso moyo wapamwamba wa ochepa. Nthawi zambiri makalasi anayiwa anali kusakanikirana, koma nthawi zina kusiyana kwawo kumawonekera kwambiri.

Maboma anali magawo a ulamuliro mwa chidziwitso, cha learning, ndi amalonda, ndi ambiri. The mitundu Momwe magawo adawonekeramo anali maulalo, mtsogoleri wamkulu pamwamba pa piramidi ya ochepera. Kaya chidziwitso chidalamulira kapena learning kapena ochita malonda, kapena ambiri anali ndi mphamvu, ndiye wolamulira mmodzi, ndi othandizira, aphungu ndi manambala a othandizira kuchepa muulamuliro ndi kufunikira. Nthawi zina mutu umasankhidwa ndi gulu lake kapena magulu onse, nthawi zina amabweza kapena kutenga udindo. Omwe anali pansi pa iye nthawi zambiri amatha kudzitengera okha mphamvu, katundu ndi mwayi kwa iwo omwe sanali a kalasi panthawiyo. Zonsezi zinkayesedwa mobwerezabwereza. Maboma opambana kwambiri, komwe kuli bwino kwambiri ndipo chimwemwe omwe anali ochulukirapo, anali ena omwe nthawi yomwe kalasi yomwe inali ndi chidziwitso inali ndi mphamvu. Ochita bwino kwambiri, komwe chisokonezo chachikulu, kufunafuna ndi kusakondwa, zinali maboma ambiri.

Ziphuphu ndi kugulitsa chiwongola dzanja cha anthu wamba zidakhalapo pomwe ambiri ankalamulira monga momwe amalonda eni ake anali ndi mphamvu. Temberero la boma ndi anthu akhala kusadziwa, opanda chidwi, osadzilamulira chilakolako ndi kudzikonda. Ogulitsa, pomwe amalamulira, adasintha zinthu zachilengedwe ndi a kuganiza za malamulo, dongosolo ndi bizinesi. Koma themberero linali loti kuchita zachinyengo, chinyengo komanso kugulitsa zinthu pagulu zidalipo mu dongosolo lomwe ambiri amawasungira. Pamene ophunzira anali ndi mphamvu ngati ankhondo, ansembe kapena otukuka, oyambira makhalidwe, zomwe sizidalephereke pomwe ambiri anali ndi mphamvu ndikusintha kokha mwanjira yomwe amalonda amalamulira, nthawi zambiri ankayang'aniridwa ndi kukhulupirika, ulemu ndi ulemu. Pamene iwo adalamulira omwe akudziwa piramidi ya ogwira ntchito zaboma anali omasuka dyera, kusilira ndi nkhanza, ndikubwera chilungamo, kuphweka, kuwona mtima komanso kuganizira ena nazo. Koma izi sizinali zachilendo ndipo zimangofika pachimake pazaka, ngakhale zimakhalapo kwanthawi yayitali.

Khalidwe makhalidwe of anthu zakhala zofanana kwambiri mu m'badwo uliwonse kwa nthawi yayitali. Zomwe zidasinthika ndikutseguka momwe adawonekera. udindo ndi ufulu ku zachiwerewere, kuledzera ndi kusakhulupirika akhala chizindikiro m'mibadwo yonse ya iwo omwe anali ndi chidziwitso. Maphunziro enawo atatu adayendetsedwa ndi awo Zilakolako. Ngakhale ophunzira ndi otukuka nthawi zambiri amaletsa kunyada, ulemu ndi udindo, amalonda amawaletsa mantha wa chilamulo ndi kutayika kwa malonda, ndipo gulu lachinayi laletsa chifukwa chosawona, kapena kunyalanyaza mwayi, mipata, ndi mantha.

Makamaka pankhani yamakhalidwe abwino azaka amasinthidwa ndi kusiyanasiyana. Anthu odziwika ndi oterewa chifukwa iwo siali m'gulu lawo nthawi zimawoneka mawonekedwe gawo. Mwa munthu aliyense ndi kuphatikiza kwamakalasi onse. Aliyense ndi wantchito, wochita malonda, ali learning ndipo ali ndi chidziwitso mulingo wina. Khalidwe lake limayendetsedwa ndi ukulu mwa iye m'modzi wa anayiwo. Iye ndi m'modzi mwa osakhalapo pomwe ukulu mwa iye m'modzi wa anayiwo umamupatsa iye chikhalidwe chosiyana ndi cha gulu lomwe iye mwachidziwikire.

Mu nthawi yachinayi chitukuko zambiri komanso zosiyanasiyana zipembedzo adakhalapo, adawuka ndipo agwera mu desuetude. Zipembedzo kuyimira zingwe zomwe zigwirizira wochita ku chikhalidwe, komwe kunachokera, ndi kukoka komwe chikhalidwe ali pa wochita'm kumverera, maganizo ndi zilakolako, kudzera mu mphamvu zinayi. Mphamvuzi ndi amithenga ndi antchito a chikhalidwe. Zomangirazi zimatha mpaka wochita amaphunzira kuti si gawo la chikhalidwe, osati mphamvu zimenezo, ndi kuti zimayimira palokha chikhalidwe ndi mphamvu. Zomangira izi zimaloledwa ndi Anzeru ndi Triune Selves oyang'anira anthu pakuti cholinga za kuphunzitsa. Zipembedzo zamtundu wina ndizofunikira malinga momwe zilili maubwenzi awa, ndipo ndizopindulitsa mpaka momwe zimakhalira patsogolo ochita zomangidwa. The kuwala wa Anzeru ngongole, kudzera ochita, kwa Mulungu or milungu kumene maganizo ndi zilakolako wa anthu pitani kukalambira. Zowonekera luntha wa milungu of zipembedzo chifukwa cha kuwala wa Anzeru, zomwe amalola kuti ziunikire milungu ndi zamulungu za zipembedzo. Zipembedzo zofunika kwambiri zinayambitsidwa ndi Wise Men, dzina pano logwiritsidwa ntchito patsogolo ochita kukhala wapadera cholinga m'matupi a anthu, ndi Opulumutsa a fuko, a anthu, kapena a dziko lapansi. The Ndipotu wa maonekedwe zatsopano zipembedzo kuchokera nthawi ku nthawi ndi patent, ngakhale umunthu zomwe zidayambitsa mayendedwe monga Osiris, Mose ndi Yesu ndi nthano, ngakhale munthawi zakale. Mu m'badwo wapadziko lapansi pano watsopano umawonekera pafupi zaka zana limodzi ndi ziwiri zilizonse.

The zipembedzo kalelo pomwe sizimadziwika kuti mbiri yakale imapangidwanso nthawi yomweyo. Ena zipembedzo anali osiyana ndi chilichonse chomwe chimatchedwa chipembedzo masiku ano. Nthawi zina amadziwika ndi sayansi. Zinali zomveka komanso zadongosolo. Zipembedzo zawo zidakwaniritsa zomwe chifukwa. Zinali choncho munthawi zomwe maboma adziko lapansi anali m'manja mwa omwe anali nawo Kudzidziwa. Nthawi imeneyo kunalipo osiyana ndi zipembedzo Chiphunzitso cha Njira yomwe idatsogolera kuwala wa luntha, komanso kwa ufulu wa wochita kuyambira pakubadwanso. Njira inkayenera kuyendedwa payekhapayekha komanso mosamala. Sipanakhalepo kupembedzera kophatikizana ndi maphwando ndi miyambo ndi miyambo yofikira kuwala wa luntha. Zipembedzo ali pa chikhalidwe-kati. Njira ili mbali yanzeru.

Nthawi zambiri pamakhala kusiyana pakati kuganiza ndi chipembedzo. Ziphunzitso zaukadaulo zidaperekedwa ngati zosatheka komanso zosasinthika. Nthawi zambiri amakhala akugwiritsitsa anthu pamiyambo ndi zozizwitsa zomwe zikuwonetsa zochitika mu chikhalidwe kapena zochitika pambuyo imfa popeza izi zidawakomera kumverera ndi maganizo. Theology idalonjeza ovota mphoto zomwe iwo amafuna, ndikuwopseza zilango zomwe amaziopa. Nkhani za zomwe milungu adadutsa, masautso awo ndi ma advent awo, adawadandaulira achisoni komanso maganizo la opembedza. Martyrdom inali yofunikira pazambiri izi. Angelo ochititsa chidwi, ziwanda komanso ziwanda zinalipo mu ma bingu. Zonse zidakonzedwa kuti zithandizire anthu kuti azimvera chisoni, kuwopa komanso kuyembekezera mphoto. Khalidwe lamakhalidwe limakhala likujambulidwa nthawi zambiri pazambiri zomwe sizabwino, zopeka komanso zopanda tanthauzo. The Anzeru ndi Triune Selves oyang'anira anthu ndinaziwona. "Opulumutsa" nthawi ndi nthawi ankapereka ziphunzitso zokhudzana ndi chikhalidwe wa wochita ndi zake tsogolo, ndipo pamene ziphunzitsozo zinaiwalika kapena kupotozedwa, okonzanso adayesetsa kuyambiranso. The moyo wa wochita pambuyo imfa ndi kubwereranso padziko lapansi ndi thupi latsopano la munthu nthawi zambiri kumawululidwa komanso monga kuyiwalika nthawi zambiri. Ziphunzitso zoona zidabisidwa ndipo kusadziwa kapena zikhulupiriro zopambana.

Lero ku East kuli otsalira a chiphunzitso chachikulu cha kuwala wa luntha kulowa chikhalidwe ndi kukonzanso kwake, kobisika pansi pa theology za purusha ndi prakriti ndi atma mumagawo osiyanasiyana. The Kusamala kuwala, yemwe kale anali Ahindu monga wakale nzeru, ali ndi nthawi atakutidwa mu nthano ndi chinsinsi ndipo amataika m'mabuku awo opatulika. M'buku laling'ono ilo, Bhagavad Gita, the kuwala ikhoza kupezeka ndi amene amatha kuyambitsa chiphunzitso chofunikira cha Krishna kupita ku Arjuna kuchokera ku unyinji wa chiphunzitso china. chimodzi'm amadziwa nokha mthupi ndi Arjuna. Krishna ndiye woganiza ndi wodziwa wa Kudzikonda Kwambiri, yemwe amadziulula kwa iwo amadziwa wochita mthupi pamene wina wakonzeka ndi wokonzeka kulandira chiphunzitso. Ku West ziphunzitso zofananazi zimabisidwa ndi chiphunzitso chosamvetsetseka komanso chosatheka ndi Adamuology choyambirira tchimo, ndi a Christology omwe amachokera pa kufera chikhulupiriro, monga chikhalidwe kupembedza, mmalo mophunzitsa chapamwamba tsogolo wa wochita.

Chiphunzitso chilichonse chimafunikira gulu la amuna kuti abweretse ndikusunga pamaso pa anthu ndikuwatsogolera pakupembedza. Zonse zipembedzo, chifukwa chake anali ndi ansembe, koma sanali ansembe onse amene anali owona kwa iwo kudalira. Si kawirikawiri, kupatula pakutha kwa kuzungulira, onse omwe anali ndi chidziwitso ntchito monga ansembe. Nthawi zambiri osati ngakhale gulu lachitatu, omwe anali learning, koma gulu la amalonda lidapereka akulu azakachisi. Ena anali ndi zochuluka learning, koma awo m'maganizo zinali za amalonda. Maofesi, zoyambirira, maufulu ndi zopereka adazipeza, momwe zingatheke. Amapanga zaumulungu zomwe zimathandizira zonena zawo kuti ndizosankhidwa, komanso mabungwe omwe adatsata. Adanenanso kuti ali ndi mphamvu zofanana pa ochita a anthu pambuyo imfa kuti adazichita pa moyo wawo wonse. Kupita patsogolo komwe amaphunzira kuchokera ku ziphunzitso zoona kumalimbitsanso ndi kusadziwa, kusankhana mitundu komanso kutengeka komwe adakhala nako kuzungulira, ndi mantha adabereka. Monga aphunzitsi, ansembe ali ndi ufulu wokhala ndi malo oyenera kuti azichita maudindo awo apamwamba mwaulemu. Koma mphamvu zawo ziyenera kuchokera kwa kukonda Kukonda anthu omwe amaphunzitsa, kutonthoza ndi kuwalimbikitsa, ndi ulemu womwe umayenera kukhala wolemekezeka moyo. Mphamvu yadziko lapansi ya ansembe, mawonekedwe amkati mwawo chikhalidwe ngati amalonda, pamapeto pake adabweretsa ziphuphu ndi kugwera chipembedzo chilichonse chomwe chimawagwiritsa ntchito.

Zina mwa zipembedzo Zakale zinali zomveka bwino, zomveka komanso zamphamvu za ziphunzitso zawo. Adawerengetsera zolengedwa zambiri ndi mphamvu mkati chikhalidwe napatsa iwo omwe anawatsata mphamvu zofunikira zolengedwa. Zikondwerero zawo zinali zokhudzana ndi miyambo yawo tanthauzo za nyengo ndi zochitika za moyo. Mphamvu zawo zinali zofala ndipo zinkakhudza anthu onse. Anali zipembedzo kubala chisangalalo, changu, kudziletsa. Anthu onse adatenga ziphunzitsozo mosangalala m'miyoyo yawo. Nthawi ngati izi zinkachitika pokhapokha boma litakhala m'manja mwa iwo omwe anali ndi chidziwitso.

Kuchokera pamwambapo zipembedzo idagwa, pang'onopang'ono kapena mwadzidzidzi, boma litadutsa kwa amalonda. Zowonadi zomwe zidawululidwa kale zidanenedwanso ngati zopanda pake zomwe zimavala zovala zabwino. Pomp, miyambo yayitali, masewero, miyambo yachinsinsi, nkhani zozizwitsa zosiyanasiyana ndi zovina ndi zopereka za anthu ndi nyama. Chiphunzitso chachipembedzo chodalirika komanso chopatsa chidwi chinali nthano zawo. Anthu awo kusadziwa adalandira nkhani zosamveka. Chozizwitsa komanso chosamvetseka kwambiri chidakhala chofunikira kwambiri. Kusadziŵa, kutengeka ndi nkhanza zinali ponseponse, pomwe ndalama za ansembe zimachuluka ndipo ulamuliro wawo unali wokwera. Kuchita zachiwerewere ndi machitidwe achiwerewere zimaperekedwa ndikuvomerezedwa monga kupembedzera kwa ambiri milungu kapena Wam'mwambamwamba Mulungu. Kubvunda kwa zipembedzo, kutayika kwa zikhalidwe, ziphuphu m'boma, kuponderezana kwa ofooka ndi mphamvu zazikulu za wamkulu nthawi zambiri zimakumana ndikupangitsa kuti chipembedzochi chisathe.

Nkhondo zakhala zikuchitika kuyambira kalekale. Pakati pa ovutikawo panali nthawi yopumula. Zomwe zinali zimayambitsa zilakolako a anthu, magulu ndi anthu a chakudya, chitonthozo ndi mphamvu, ndi kumverera of Nsanje ndi chidani chomwe chinayamba pa izi zilakolako. Nkhondo zinkachitika pogwiritsa ntchito njira iliyonse. M'mibadwo yosakhazikika dzino ndi misomali, ndipo miyala ndi zibonga zimagwiritsidwa ntchito. Anthu akakhala ndi makina omenyera nkhondo, awa adagwiritsidwa ntchito. Pomwe adalamulira chikhalidwe mphamvu ndi zofunikira zolengedwa, adazigwiritsa ntchito. Manja akugwirana anthu anavulala kapena kuphedwa, mmodzi pa nthawi; munthawi zamakina komanso zasayansi, adani zikwizikwi adazunzidwa kapena kuwonongedwa kamodzi; komanso m'magawo otukuka kwambiri, pamene anthu ena amatha kugwiritsa ntchito zofunikira ankhondo, zinali zotheka kuti awononge, ndipo anaseseratu, ankhondo onse ndi anthu. Iwo omwe adawongolera zofunikira magulu ankhondo amakumana ndi adani omwe amagwiritsa ntchito zomwezi kapena zotsutsana nazo. Pakati pa anthuwa panali funso lokondweretsa ndi parry mwamphamvu motsutsana mpaka ogwira ntchito mbali imodzi atagonjetsedwa. Akhoza kugonjetsedwa ndi mphamvu zomwe adazigwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimakhudzanso iwo akamwalira, kapena atha kugonjera mphamvu yomwe sanachite. Omwe akutsogolera gulu lankhondo ataphedwa, gulu lankhondo lonse kapena anthu akhoza kuwonongedwa kapena kukhala akapolo.

Khalidwe la anthu lomwe limabweretsa nthawi ndi nthawi ku nkhondo zazing'ono kapena zazikulu komanso kuwukira komanso mavuto ena wamba komanso zosokoneza zina, zidabweretsa ndi izi matenda. The matenda anali kunja wa kuganiza monganso matsoka ena onse. Kuchokera kuzovuta zambiri ambiri adathawa, koma owerengeka ndi omwe adapulumuka matenda. Panali nthawi zina ambiri, mkati Ndipotu ambiri, mwa anthu anali opanda matenda. Awa anali nthawi zachipongwe zosavuta kapena zomwe gulu lomwe lidali ndi chidziwitso lidalamulira kwathunthu ndipo padali chilimbikitso, kuphweka ndi chisangalalo ntchito. Kupanda kutero nthawi zonse pakhala pali zowonjezereka kapena zowopsa za thupi.

Nthawi zosiyanasiyana matenda zinasiyanasiyana chifukwa maganizo osiyana. Nthawi zina anthu osakwatira amakhudzidwa, nthawi zina miliri imabwera. Panali khungu matenda Khungu lidadyedwa ndikusiyidwa zironda, kuyambira m'matumbo ndikufalikira mpaka padalibe khungu lokwanira kupumira. Mtundu wina khungu lomwe limadzitukumula m'malo ena, limakula ngati kolifulawa, limasungunuka ndipo limatulutsa kununkhira. Nthenda idadya chigaza ndipo idapitilira mpaka fupa lidadyedwa kotero kuti ubongo udawululidwa ndiku imfa amatsatira. Matenda Ziwalo zanzeru zimadyera maso kapena khutu lamkati kapena muzu wa lilime. Matenda ndinamasula zolumikizira zomwe zinali zolumikizira mafinya, kotero kuti zala, zala zakumanzere, ndipo nthawi zina mwendo wotsika zimagwa. Panali matenda ziwalo zamkati zomwe zinaimitsa Nchito. Ena matenda sanatero ayi ululu koma kulumala, ena adadzetsa kwambiri ululu ndi mantha. Panali zachiwerewere zopatsirana matenda kuphatikiza pa zamasiku ano. chimodzi a iwo adataya kuona, kumva kapena mawu, osakonda ziwalo zawo. China chinayambitsa kutayiratu kumverera. Chinanso kukula kwa ziwalo zachimuna kapena zachikazi kapena kufota komwe kunazipangitsa kukhala zopanda ntchito.

Zambiri za izi matenda sanachiritsidwepo. Kuyesa kuchiritsa mwa opareshoni, ndi mankhwala, ndi zithumwa, mapindikidwe, mapemphero, kuvina, kuchiritsa kwamaganizidwe ndipo njira monga momwe zimagwiritsidwira ntchito masiku ano, sizinathandize kwenikweni. Poyenera nthawi matendawa amabwerera m'modzi mawonekedwe kapena wina. Nthawi zina mawonetseredwe a matenda kuchuluka mpaka anthu atawonongeka, kufooka ndikusowa.