THE
MAWU
JULY 1909
| Copyright 1909 ndi HW PERCIVAL |
Amayi ndi Anzanu
Kodi ali ndi malingaliro a nyama ndipo amaganiza bwanji?
Nyama zina zimawonetsa kumvetsetsa bwino zomwe zikunenedwa kwa iwo ndipo zimachita zomwe zanenedwa ngati zimvetsetsa. Nyama sizikhala ndi malingaliro monga momwe munthu akumvera mawu, komanso saganiza, ngakhale akuwoneka kuti akumvetsa zambiri zomwe anena ndipo adzachita zambiri zomwe amauzidwa kuti azichita. Malingaliro ndi lingaliro lakumunthu lomwe limamupangitsa ndipo limamupangitsa kuti azidziona ngati ine-I-I. Nyama zilibe mfundo iyi ndipo palibe chilichonse muzochita kapena machitidwe awo omwe anganene kuti ali nazo. Popeza alibe malingaliro, sangathe kuganiza chifukwa lingaliro limatheka kokha ndi kukhalapo kwa malingaliro ndi chikhumbo. Nyama zimafuna monga chofunikira kwambiri komanso chofunikira, koma zilibe malingaliro ngati matupi a nyama.
Mwanjira ina kusiyana ndi mwa munthu, nyama imakhala ndi malingaliro. Mphamvu yomwe nyama imanenedwa kuti imakhala ndi malingaliro ndiyoti imachita mogwirizana ndi malingaliro a chilengedwe chonse, popanda mfundo iliyonse payokha. Nyama iliyonse, yomwe siikuyendetsedwa ndi munthu nthawi yomweyo, imachita monga mwa chikhalidwe chake. Chinyama sichingachite mosiyana ndi chikhalidwe chake, chomwe ndi nyama. Munthu akhoza kuchita molingana ndi chikhalidwe chake, kapena malinga ndi chibadwa cha anthu wamba kapena chikhalidwe kapena bizinesi, kapena atha kudutsa nyamayo ndi munthu wamba ndikuchita moyenera komanso ngati Mulungu. Kusankha kwa machitidwe ake omwe munthu amakhala nawo, ndizotheka chifukwa ali ndi malingaliro kapena malingaliro. Ngati nyamayo inali ndi kapena inali ndi malingaliro zikanatheka kuti chisankho china chake chizindikiridwe mu kuchitapo kwake. Koma nyama siyichita mosiyana ndi momwe imayenera kukhalira, ndipo zomwe zimatsimikizira mtundu ndi zomwe zimachita. Izi zimagwira ntchito kwa nyama mchibadwa chake kapena momwe zilili ndipo ngati sizisokoneza kapena kutsogoleredwa ndi munthu. Pamene munthu abweretsa nyama pansi pa mphamvu yake, iye amasintha nyamayo pamlingo womwe iye amathandizira nayo. Munthu amatha kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yake pamalingaliro ndi nyamayo momwemonso amagwiritsa ntchito momwe iye amagwirizira. Kukhumba ndiye mfundo ya nyama, lingalirani za chikhalidwe cha munthu. Kukhumba ndikutengera malingaliro. Kukhumba ndi vuto lomwe malingaliro amagwira ntchito. Chifukwa chomwe nyama zimaphunzitsidwira kumvera malamulo a munthu ndi chifukwa choti chikhumbo chimalakalaka kuchita kanthu ndikumvera zomwe zikuwunikira pomwe malingaliro akupitilira pakulamulira nyama. Nyama siyichita kuganiza potsatira lamulo la munthu. Nyama imangotsatira zokha malingaliro a malingaliro omwe amaitsogolera. Pakufanizira izi zitha kunenedwa kuti palibe nyama yomwe yadziwika kuti imvetse ndikutsatira dongosolo lomwe ndi losiyana ndi malamulo ena lisanaperekedwe. Chilichonse chomwe chimachita ndi chofanana mu mtundu wophunzitsidwa ndi munthu kuti azichita. Khalidwe la malingaliro ndikukonzekera, kufananiza, kuyambira. Palibe nyama yomwe imatha kukonzekera chinthu, kuyerekezera ndi mkangano, kapena kuyambitsa njira yakuchita yokha kapena nyama ina. Nyama zimachita zanzeru kapena kumvera malamulo chifukwa zimaphunzitsidwa ndikuphunzitsidwa kuti zizitsatira ndikuzitsatira ndipo izi zimachitika chifukwa cha malingaliro aumunthu woponyedwa kukhumba nyama yomwe ikuwonetsa malingaliro ake pochita.
Kodi chiwonongeko chilichonse choyipa chingabweretse kwa anthu mwa kukhalapo kwa ziweto?
Izi zimatengera umunthu kuposa momwe umachitira nyama. Aliyense atha kuthandiza mnzake, koma momwe munthu angathandizire kapena kuvulaza kungaganizidwe ndi munthu. Nyama imathandizidwa ndi kuyanjana ndi munthu ngati munthu aziphunzitsa ndikulamulira nyamayo mokoma mtima. Nyama yomwe ili m'malo ake kuthengo ndikufuna sizithandiza anthu, koma pakubala ndi kutulutsa nyama ndikubweretsa nyama m'manja mwa malingaliro ake, nyamayo siyingathenso kapena kukhala ndi mwayi wosakira yokha chakudya chake komanso chaching'ono . Kenako munthu amakhala ndi thayo la nyamayo; ndipo poganiza kuti ndi udindo wawo munthu kusamalira ndi kuteteza nyamayo. Munthu samachita izi chifukwa chokomera kukweza ndi maphunziro a chiweto koma chifukwa chofuna kugwiritsa ntchito nyamayo. Mwanjira imeneyi tachulukitsa nyama monga kavalo, ng'ombe, nkhosa, mbuzi, galu ndi mbalame. Zomwe zimapanga matupi a nyamazo zikuphunzitsidwa kuti zizigwiritsidwa ntchito ndi nyama zamunthu pokonzekera kusangalatsa thupi la munthu m'tsogolo kapena dziko lapansi. Mwanjira imeneyi pamakhala kusinthanirana pakati pa chinyama, ndi munthu. Nyama imaphunzitsidwa ndi anthu chifukwa cha mautumiki omwe amachitira munthu. Cholinga cha nyama chimachitika ndi lingaliro la munthu, ndipo mwa kuchitapo kanthu komanso kuchitapo kanthu kachitidwe kamakomedwe kanyama kamakonzedwa ndi mfundo yaumunthu ya malingaliro, kotero kuti munthawi yakutali kwambiri mfundo yakukhumbira Nyama imatha kubweretsedwa ku boma lolola kuti lizilumikizana nthawi yomweyo ndi malingaliro. Munthu adzakwaniritsa ntchito yake bwino ngati agwira ntchito yake mochenjera komanso mosangalala m'malo mokakamizidwa ndi zochitika zina komanso monyinyirika. Munthu azithandiza nyamayo ngati angazigwiritse ntchito ngati momwe zafotokozedwera ndipo azichitira zabwino ndi kuwaganizira komanso azisonyeza chikondi; amatsatira zofuna zake m'njira yoti imusangalatse. Powawonetsa chikondi, komabe, chisamaliro chikuyenera kuchitidwa. Kukonda koteroko sikuyenera kukhala kwa kupusa komanso kopusa, koma chikondi chomwe munthu amachimva nacho moyo mwa zolengedwa zonse. Ngati munthu atachita izi amapangira nyamazo ndipo zimamuyankha m'njira yomwe ingapangitse munthu yemwe adalipo kuganiza kuti nyamayo inali ndi nzeru pamlingo wokhala ndi luso lowunikira. Koma ngakhale pamenepo, ngati nyamayo itaoneka kuti ikuchita zinthu mwanzeru kuposa momwe ingachitire pakadakhala kuti ilibe mphamvu yakuganiza kapena zamphamvu zakuganiza.
Kuyanjana pakati pa munthu ndi nyama ndi koyipa komanso koopsa pamene nyama zimatulutsidwa m'malo opangidwa ndi anthu opusa ndikudziwitsa malo osakhala nyama, aumunthu kapena aumulungu. Izi zimachitidwa ndi amuna kapena akazi omwe amayesa kupanga fano la chiweto. Nthawi zambiri galu kapena mphaka amasankhidwa kuti azichita izi. Ziwetozi zimapangidwa monga chinthu chomupembedza kapena cholambira. Munthu wosauka akukhuthula zochuluka kuchokera kumtima wakuchulukirachulukira. Kupembedza mafano kwa ziweto kwatengedwa mopitilira muyeso kotero kuti chiwetocho chimapangidwa mu mafashoni aposachedwa kwambiri kapena mwapadera ndipo chimapangidwa kuvala makosi am'kati mwa zodzikongoletsera kapena zodzikongoletsera zina, komanso kukhala ndi othandizira olimbitsa mtima makamaka oyeretsa mafuta onunkhira ndi kuwadyetsa. Nthawi ina amayenda ndi galu kapena kuwayendetsa mwapadera kuti akhoza kukhala ndi mpweya wabwino osatopa. Ziwetozo zimasamalidwa kuyambira m'moyo wake ndipo pomwe amafika zimayikidwa mu bokosi labwino; Maphwando adachitidwa pamwamba pake ndikutsatiridwa ndi wopembedzayo ndi abwenzi ake kumanda omwe adawakonzera, pomwe adayikamo malo osangalatsa komanso chipilala chosiyidwa kuti chikumbukire mwambowo. Nyama siyenera kulangidwa chifukwa cha izi; cholakwa chilichonse chimayenera kuphatikizidwa ndi munthu. Koma nyamayo imavulala pochita izi chifukwa imachotsedwera pamalo ake achilengedwe ndikuyiyika pamalo pomwe siyikhala. Ndiye kuti ndiosayenera kuyambiranso mbali yomwe idatengedwa ndipo satha kuchita mwachilengedwe, moyenera komanso moyenera pamalo omwe adapatsidwa ndi munthu wachilendo. Kuchita izi ndi kugwiritsa ntchito mwayi kwa munthu, yemwe angalandire zabwino zonsezo ndikuti mwanjira imeneyi adzakhale moyo wamtsogolo. Mwayi wowonongedwa paudindowu, kuwononga ndalama, kunyoza anthu ena pakukakamiza iwo kuti akhale antchito a chiweto, ndipo posayeneretsa nyamayo kumalo komwe idapatsidwayo, onse adzalipiridwa chifukwa cha mavuto, kukhumudwitsidwa ndi kuwonongeka m'moyo wamtsogolo. Pali zilango zochepa zomwe ndizowopsa kwa munthu yemwe amapanga fano mwa chinyama nkulipembedza. Kuchita koteroko ndikuyesa kupanga mulungu yemwe angakhale wantchito wa nyama, ndipo kuyesayesa koteroko kuyenera kulandira zipululu zake.
Nthawi zina kunyengedwa kwa nyama kumavulaza anthu ena. Mwachitsanzo, munthu akakhala wofooka kapena kugona tulo kapena galu wakale sayenera kuloledwa kukhudza mtembowo, chifukwa thupi likakhala kuti lilibe malingaliro kapena lingaliro silikudziwa bwino m'thupi la munthu, mphamvu ya nyama la thupi la munthu lidzakokedwa ndi galu kapena mphaka kapena chiweto chilichonse chomwe chikagwira. Nyamayo imagona pafupi kapena kukhudza thupi la munthu chifukwa imalandira ukoma. Umboni wa izi ndikuti galu, galu wachikulire makamaka, amakhala akusisita thupi la munthu. Izi amachita ndi cholinga chowirikiza; kuti akwatulidwe, koma makamaka chifukwa amalandila mphamvu inayake yamagetsi kuchokera m'thupi la munthu yomwe amayenera. Nthawi zambiri zimadziwika kuti mphaka imasankha munthu yemwe wagona ndipo imadzilambatitsa pachifuwa chake ndikukhala osangalala kwambiri ndikamayamwa mphamvu ya munthu wogona. Ngati izi zimapitilizidwa usiku ndi tsiku munthu amayamba kufooka mpaka kufa. Chifukwa nyama imatha kutenga mphamvu yamatsenga kuchokera kwa munthu, zomwe siziyenera kupangitsa munthu kupewa nyama kapena kusakomera mtima, koma m'malo mwake zimupangitse kuti agwiritse ntchito chiweruziro chake pochita ndi nyama, asonyezeni kukoma mtima konse ndi chikondi chomwe munthu ayenera kukhala nacho pa amoyo onse zolengedwa; koma akuyenera kuwaphunzitsanso pogwiritsa ntchito mwambo, womwe ungawaphunzitse kukhala anthu othandiza komanso oyenera, mmalo mololeza kuchita momwe angafunire, chifukwa ndi waulesi kwambiri kapena osasamala kuti awaphunzitse kapena chifukwa amawonetsa zopusa komanso mopambanitsa kukakamizidwa kwawo.
Mnzanu [HW Percival]