The Foundation Foundation
Gawani tsambali



THE

MAWU

JULY 1908


Copyright 1908 ndi HW PERCIVAL

Amayi ndi Anzanu

Kodi mungandiuzeko kanthu ka moto kapena lawi la moto? Zakhala zikuwoneka ngati chinthu chozizwitsa kwambiri. Sindingapeze zambiri zokhutiritsa kuchokera ku mabuku asayansi.

Moto ndiye mzimu wamalawi. Lawi ndiye thupi lamoto.

Moto ndiye chinthu choyeserera choyendetsa mthupi lonse. Popanda moto matupi onse amakhala osasunthika, osatheka. Moto ndikuti m'thupi lililonse lomwe limakakamiza tinthu tambiri m'thupi kusintha. Mwa munthu, moto umachita m'njira zosiyanasiyana. Gawo lamoto limalowa kudzera mu mpweya ndi kulowa m'magazi. Imawotcha zinyalala zomwe zimatengedwa ndi magazi ndikuchotsa pamiyeso, monga pores, mapapu ndi ngalande yamatumbo. Moto umapangitsa kuti thupi lanyama, maselo, maonekedwe, kusintha. Kusintha kosalekeza kumabweretsa kutentha mthupi. Moto ndi oksijeni, thupi lalikulu lomwe moto umawonekera, umalimbikitsa zilakolako, zomwe zimapangitsa chidwi ndi mkwiyo, zomwe zimawotcha thupi la astral ndikugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu yamitsempha. Kuchita moto koteroko kumakhala koyambira komanso malinga ndi kutengera kwachilengedwe.

Palinso moto wina, womwe ena amauzindikira kuti ndi moto wamaunda. Moto weniweni wamapangidwe ndi moto wamalingaliro mu malingaliro, womwe umatsutsana ndi moto woyambira ndikuwongolera ndikuwakakamiza kuti agwirizane ndi luso lakapangidwe monga lingaliro; pomwe, posalamuliridwa ndi munthu, moto woyambitsa chikhumbo, chilakolako ndi mkwiyo, umayendetsedwa ndi malingaliro aponse, ndiye kuti, malingaliro mu chilengedwe, omwe sanasinthidwe-amatchedwa Mulungu, chilengedwe, kapena Mulungu akuchita chilengedwe. Munthu, ngati lingaliro lamunthu payekha, kuchita zinthu zoyaka moto ndikuwakakamiza kuti agwirizane ndi luntha lozindikira, zimawapangitsa kuti alowe kuphatikiza kwatsopano ndipo zotsatira za kuphatikiza kwa moto woyambirira zimaganiziridwa. Kudzera mu malingaliro ndi malingaliro Maganizo a moto wa thupi ndi zinthu zoyambira zimaperekedwa mwa zinthu zosaoneka. Mitundu iyi yamalingaliro amdziko osawoneka imakakamiza zinthu zazikulu kuti zisinthe mawonekedwe.

Zina mwazomwe zimachitika ndi moto komanso lawi ndizoti zimatentha, zomwe sizimakhala mwadzidzidzi, zomwezo ndizosiyana ndi zomwe tikuzidziwa, zomwe zimapangitsa kuwala, kuti zimatulutsa utsi, kuti amasintha mawonekedwe pakuwasintha kukhala phulusa, kuti kudzera mu lawi la moto, thupi lake, moto umawoneka modzidzimuka ndikusowa, kuti nthawi zonse amapita m'mwamba ndikuwongoka. Moto womwe tikuwona ndi womwe mzimu wa thupi, womangidwa muukapolo ndi zinthu zazikulu, umamasulidwa ndikuthanso kukhala wakale. Pa ndege yake, mdziko lake, moto umakhala waulere komanso wogwira ntchito, koma munthawi yowonekera mwangozi zochita za moto zimachepetsedwa ndikuwongolera ndipo pamapeto pake zimangokhala mkati mwa matupi awo omwe ndi mzimu, chifukwa moto ndiye. mzimu m'matupi onse. Moto wolumikizidwa ndi zolakwika titha kuutcha moto woyaka. Moto waposachedwa uli mu maufumu onse achilengedwe. Moto wowoneka, komabe, wogwira ntchito m'madipatimenti am'fumu onse kuposa m'madipatimenti ena a ufumu womwewo. Izi zikuwonetsedwa ndi lubani ndi sulufule kummigodi, ndi mitengo yolimba ndi udzu muufumu wamasamba komanso mafuta ndi khungu pamagulu azinyama. Moto wowoneka ulinso m'madzi ena, monga mafuta. Thupi lotupa limafunikira kukhalapo kwa moto wokhawo kuti utulutse ndikumasulidwa ku ndende yake. Mukangotuluka, moto wam'mawonekedwewo umawonekera kwakanthawi, kenako ndikudutsa kudziko lapansi lapansi komwe kunachokera.

Moto ndi chimodzi mwazinthu zinayi zomwe zimadziwika ndi mizimu yonse. Moto ndiye mizimu yamatsenga kwambiri. Palibe chimodzi mwazinthu zomwe zimadziwika kuti ndi moto, mpweya, madzi ndi nthaka zomwe zimawoneka ndi maso, kupatula mumkhalidwe woipitsitsa wa chinthu chimenecho. Chifukwa chake timawona magawo otsika kwambiri kapena zinthu zomwe timakonda kutchulapo ngati dziko lapansi, madzi, mpweya ndi moto. Chilichonse mwazinthu zinayi ndizofunikira pakumanga kwazinthu zakuthupi, ndipo chilichonse mwazinthuzi zimayimiriridwa mogwirizana ndi china chilichonse. Pomwe gawo lililonse la zinthu zakuthupi limasunga zinthu zinayi izi pakuphatikizana, gawo lililonse mwa zinthu zinayi izi limabwezeretsedwa momwe limasungidwira nthawi yomweyo. Moto ndiomwe nthawi zambiri umathetsa kuphatikiza ndikupangitsa kuti zinthu zomwe zidalowa m'maphatikizidwe zibwerere kumagawo awo oyambira. Moto ukachotsedwa, ndiye chinthu chofunikira kwambiri m'matupi otupa, zimangowoneka kuti uzimika. Pakudutsa zimachititsanso kuti mpweya, madzi ndi dziko lapansi zibwerere komwe zimachokera. Mpweya wobwerera ndi madzi zimawonekera mu utsi. Gawo la utsi lomwe ndi mlengalenga, ndipo lomwe limazindikiridwa nthawi zambiri mu kugwedeza utsi, posakhalitsa limayamba kuoneka. Gawo lomwe utsi lomwe ndi madzi limabwelela kumadzi amadzimadzimadzi, limayimitsidwanso mumlengalenga, ndikuwoneka. Gawo lokhalo lomwe latsalira ndiye gawo loyera kwambiri la chinthuchi, chomwe chili mumoto ndi phulusa. Kuphatikiza pa moto wamasiku ano pali moto wamafuta womwe umawonetsedwa ndi kuwonongeka kwa mankhwala ena omwe amaphatikizidwa ndi mankhwala ena, ndi mpweya womwe umakidwa ndi magazi, ndi mafupa omwe amayambitsa chimbudzi cha zakudya. Kenako pali moto wamapangidwe womwe umapangidwa ndi lingaliro. Kuchita kwa moto wamaganizidwe kumayambitsa chikhumbo chachikulu kuti chisinthidwe ndikukhala machitidwe apamwamba a chikhumbo, chomwe chimakonzedwanso ndikukonzedwanso ndikukhala ndi zikhumbo zauzimu, zonsezi ndi moto wamaganizidwe. Ndipo pali moto wa uzimu womwe umachepetsa zochitika ndi malingaliro onse kuti ukhale chidziwitso ndikumanga thupi la mzimu wosafa, womwe ungayimiridwe ndi thupi lamzimu wamoto.

 

Kodi chomwe chimayambitsa kukwiya kwakukulu, monga moto wamoto ndi moto zomwe zimawoneka ngati zimachokera nthawi zambiri kuchokera kumadera osiyanasiyana a mzinda, ndi zomwe zimayaka pang'onopang'ono.

Pali zifukwa zambiri zomwe zimayambitsa moto, koma zifukwa zambiri izi zimayimiridwa ndi zomwe zimayambitsa motowo, zomwe ndi kukhalapo kwa chinthu chamoto chisanayambe kuwonekera. Ziyenera kumveka kuti moto ngati chinthu umatha kuphatikiza zinthu zina, pa ndege yamoto, kapena ndege zina. Mwa kuphatikiza zinthu zosiyanasiyana timapeza zotsatira zotsimikizika. Pamene chinthu chamoto chilipo mwamphamvu kwambiri chimalamulira zinthu zina zomwe zilipo ndikuzikakamiza kuyatsa ndi kukhalapo kwake kopambana. Kukhalapo kwa chinthu chamoto kumadzutsa moto m'matupi oyandikana nawo ndipo kudzera mulawi losinthira moto womwe wamangidwa umabwerera kugwero lake loyambirira. Lawi lamoto lomwe limadumphira m'mwamba limagwiritsidwa ntchito ndi moto womwe umaupangitsa kuti ulowe padziko lapansi kudzera m'lawilo. Pamene chinthu chamoto chikulamulira mlengalenga mu mphamvu yokwanira imagwira ntchito pa zinthu zonse zoyaka moto; ndiye chifukwa choputana chabe, monga kukangana, nkhani iyi imayaka moto. Moto wamapiri kapena nkhalango ukhoza kuyambitsidwa ndi moto wa msasa wa apaulendo, kapena ndi kuwala kwa dzuwa lolowera, ndipo incendiarism ikhoza kukhala chifukwa cha kutentha kwa mzinda waukulu, komabe izi siziri chifukwa chachikulu nthawi zonse. Nthawi zambiri munthu amaona kuti kuyesayesa kuyatsa moto m'mikhalidwe yabwino kwambiri kumatsatiridwa ndi kulephera kotheratu, pamene kuponya ndodo yonyezimira padoko, kapena pansi pa nyumba yaikulu pamene palibe kanthu. zomwe zingapse mosavuta, komabe moto wayambika ndi ndodo yonyezimira ya machesi ndipo wafalikira mofulumira kwambiri kotero kuti wapsereza nyumba yonseyo pansi, mosasamala kanthu kuti khama lingakhale lalikulu kulipulumutsa. Ziwopsezo zomwe zawononga mizinda yayikulu makamaka chifukwa cha kupezeka kwa moto muzochitika zilizonse zotere, ngakhale zina zambiri zingayambitse.

Akuti kuyaka kodzidzimutsa ndiko kumagwirizanitsa zinthu zomwe zingapse ndi okosijeni. Koma chifukwa chake makamaka chifukwa chokonzekera zotsutsana zoyaka moto zomwe zimakopa chinthu chamoto. Motero, kukangana pakati pa zinthu ziwiri zoyaka moto, monga mafuta ndi nsanza, kumatsatiridwa ndi kugwirizana kwadzidzidzi kwa nkhaniyo ndi mpweya wa m’mlengalenga; Izi zimapangitsa chinthu choyaka moto, chomwe chimayambira zinthuzo kukhala lawi.

 

Kodi zitsulo zotero monga golidi, mkuwa ndi siliva zimapangidwa bwanji?

Pali zitsulo zisanu ndi ziwiri, zomwe nthawi zina zimatchedwa zitsulo zopatulika. Chilichonse mwa izi ndi mphamvu yothamanga komanso yomangidwa, kuwala kapena khalidwe lomwe limachokera kumodzi mwa matupi asanu ndi awiri a kuwala omwe timawona mumlengalenga ndikutcha mapulaneti. Mphamvu, kapena kuwala, kapena khalidwe, la matupi onse amene timawatcha mapulaneti amakopeka ndi dziko lapansi ndi mwezi wake. Mphamvu izi zili ndi moyo ndipo zimatchedwa mizimu yoyambira ya zinthu kapena mapulaneti. Dziko lapansi ndi mwezi limapereka thupi ndi mawonekedwe ku mphamvu zoyambira. Zitsulozo zikuyimira magawo asanu ndi awiri kapena madigiri omwe mphamvu zoyambira ziyenera kudutsa mu ufumu wa mchere zisanakhale ndi chikhalidwe chosiyana ndikudutsa maufumu apamwamba achilengedwe. Pali ntchito zambiri zomwe zitsulo zisanu ndi ziwirizi zingagwiritsidwe ntchito. Machiritso amatha kuchitika komanso matenda obwera chifukwa chogwiritsa ntchito zitsulozo molakwika. Zitsulozo zili ndi zinthu zopatsa moyo komanso zakupha. Zina mwa izi zitha kudzutsidwa, mozindikira kapena mosazindikira, pakachitika zinthu zina. Zingakhale zapadantic kupereka dongosolo la kupita patsogolo kwa zitsulo ndi ubwino wake wogwirizana, ngakhale kuti tinali ndi zowona, chifukwa, pamene pali kupita patsogolo kwadongosolo kuchokera ku boma kupita ku boma la mphamvu zoyambira zomwe zimagwira ntchito kupyolera muzitsulo. dongosolo ili silinagwiritsidwe ntchito ndi anthu onse; zomwe zingagwire ntchito kwa wina zingakhale zoopsa kwa wina. Munthu aliyense, ngakhale kuti amamangidwa molingana ndi dongosolo lomwelo, ali ndi makhalidwe ena omwe amafanana ndi zoyambira zazitsulo; zina mwa izo ndi zopindulitsa, zina ndi zoipa. Nthawi zambiri, golidi amayimira gawo lalikulu kwambiri lachitukuko pakati pa zitsulo. Zitsulo zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zikutchulidwa ndi tini, golide, mercury, mkuwa, lead, siliva ndi chitsulo. Kuwerengera kumeneku sikuyenera kutengedwa ngati dongosolo la kupita patsogolo, kapena kumbuyo.

Zitsulo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'zaka zapitazi sizodziwika kwambiri masiku ano. Golide amaonedwa ndi ife kuti ndi ofunika kwambiri pazitsulo zisanu ndi ziwiri, ngakhale kuti sizothandiza kwambiri. Ife tikhoza kugawa golide mosavuta lero kuposa momwe tingathere ndi chitsulo. Pazitsulo, chitsulo ndi chofunikira kwambiri pa chitukuko chathu, chifukwa chimalowa m'magawo onse a moyo wa mafakitale, monga kumanga nyumba zapamwamba, ntchito yomanga ndi kugwiritsa ntchito sitima zapamadzi, njanji, injini, zida, ziwiya zapakhomo ndi mipando. . Amagwiritsidwa ntchito pazifukwa zokongoletsa, ndipo ndi ofunika komanso ofunikira pamankhwala. Zitukuko zina zadutsa nthawi zosiyanasiyana, zomwe zimadziwika kuti golide, siliva, mkuwa (kapena mkuwa) ndi zaka zachitsulo. Anthu a padziko lapansi, kunena zambiri, ali mu nthawi yachitsulo. Ndi m'badwo womwe ndi wovuta komanso womwe umasintha mwachangu kuposa ina iliyonse. Zomwe tikuchita tsopano zidzatikhudza kwambiri kuposa m'badwo wina uliwonse chifukwa zinthu zimayenda mofulumira kwambiri mu nthawi yachitsulo kusiyana ndi ina iliyonse. Zoyambitsa zimatsatiridwa ndi zotsatira zake mwachangu muchitsulo kuposa m'badwo wina uliwonse. Zoyambitsa zomwe takhazikitsa tsopano zidzadutsa mu m'badwo wotsatira. M'badwo wotsatira ndi m'badwo wagolide. Ku America, komwe mtundu watsopano ukupanga, talowa kale.

Zitsulo zisanu ndi ziwiri zomwe zatchulidwa pano zawerengedwa pakati pa zinthu makumi asanu ndi awiri zosamvetseka zomwe zinalembedwa ndi kulembedwa ndi sayansi yamakono. Ponena za mmene zimapangidwira tanena kuti mphamvu, zounikira, kapena mikhalidwe yochokera ku matupi asanu ndi aŵiri a m’mlengalenga, otchedwa mapulaneti, amakopeka ndi dziko lapansi. Dziko lapansi limapanga chikoka cha maginito ndipo, chifukwa cha momwe zinthu zilili, mphamvuzi zimapangika pang'onopang'ono ndi kuwonjezeka, kupanga tinthu tating'onoting'ono mkati mwa lamba la maginito lomwe limakopa mphamvu. Iliyonse mwa mphamvu zisanu ndi ziwirizo imadziwika ndi mtundu wake komanso mtundu wake komanso momwe tinthu tating'onoting'ono timakhalira pamodzi. Nthawi yomwe imatengera kupanga chitsulo chilichonse chimadalira momwe zinthu zilili, monga golide amatha kupangidwa mu nthawi yochepa kwambiri pamene zofunikira zonse zilipo.

Mnzanu [HW Percival]